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Sains
Malaysiana 55(10)(2026): 1746-1759
http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2026-5510-13
Ciri
Fizikokimia Sisa Kulit Nanas dan Implikasinya terhadap Biopenukaran oleh Larva
Lalat Askar Hitam (Hermetia illucens):
Satu Ulasan Sistematik
(Physicochemical
Characteristics of Pineapple Peel Waste and Their Implications for Bioconversion
by Black Soldier Fly Larvae (Hermetia illucens): A Systematic Review)
IRFANA KABIR AHMAD*, NURULNAZHIFAH KAMARUZAMAN, MOHD REZA
AZMI & MUHAMAD AZRY KHOIRY
Department
of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Received:
20 December 2025/Accepted: 29 September 2026
*Corresponding author;
email: irfana@ukm.edu.my
Abstrak
Sisa kulit nanas merupakan hasil
sampingan utama industri pemprosesan nanas yang kaya dengan karbohidrat, serat,
asid organik dan sebatian bioaktif, tetapi sering dilupuskan tanpa pemanfaatan
optimum. Ulasan sistematik ini menilai potensi kulit nanas sebagai substrat
khusus untuk biopenukaran oleh larva lalat askar hitam (BSFL; Hermetia
illucens) dengan menumpukan kepada ciri fiziko-kimia, prestasi
biopenukaran, kualiti biojisim larva, fras dan isu keselamatan produk. Bukti
terkini menunjukkan bahawa kulit nanas mempunyai pH berasid sekitar 4.72 dan
jumlah pepejal terlarut 14.8 °Brix, manakala komposisi keringnya mengandungi
kira-kira 85.07 g/100 g karbohidrat, 17.4 g/100 g serat kasar dan 5.14 g/100 g
protein. Dalam kajian perbandingan substrat buah, larva yang diberi kulit nanas
mencapai saiz larva 10.6 ± 0.2 mm dan pra-pupa 15.2 ± 0.4 mm, iaitu lebih
tinggi berbanding kulit pisang, durian dan sisa sayuran; namun kandungan air
kulit nanas yang tinggi (85.09 ± 0.07%) menyebabkan fras mudah menjadi cair dan
kurang stabil. Keputusan ini menunjukkan bahawa kulit nanas berpotensi sebagai
substrat tenaga dan agen penarik oviposisi, tetapi aplikasi suapan tunggal
memerlukan kawalan kelembapan, pH, pengudaraan dan pencampuran dengan bahan
berstruktur kering. Ulasan ini menegaskan bahawa kajian khusus kulit nanas
penting kerana interaksi antara gula, pektin, lignoselulosa, bromelain dan
keasidan substrat masih kurang dibincangkan dalam ulasan lalat
askar hitam umum. Penilaian
keselamatan biojisim larva dan fras, termasuk logam berat, patogen dan
fitotoksisiti perlu diperkukuh sebelum penskalaan industri.
Kata kunci: Biopenukaran; fras; Hermetia illucens;
larva lalat askar hitam; sisa kulit nanas
Abstract
Pineapple peel waste is a major
by-product of pineapple processing that is rich in carbohydrates, fibre,
organic acids, and bioactive compounds, yet it is commonly underutilised. This
systematic review evaluates pineapple peel as a specific substrate for
bioconversion by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL; Hermetia illucens),
focusing on physicochemical properties, bioconversion performance, larval
biomass quality, frass quality, and product safety. Current evidence indicates
that fresh pineapple peel has an acidic pH of approximately 4.72 and total
soluble solids of 14.8 °Brix, while its dry matter contains about 85.07 g/100 g
carbohydrate, 17.4 g/100 g crude fibre and 5.14 g/100 g protein. In a
comparative fruit-substrate study, larvae fed pineapple peel achieved larval
and prepupal sizes of 10.6 ± 0.2 mm and 15.2 ± 0.4 mm, respectively,
outperforming banana peel, durian peel and vegetable scraps. However, high peel
moisture (85.09 ± 0.07%) can liquefy the residue and reduce frass stability.
These findings suggest that pineapple peel is a promising energy-rich feedstock
and oviposition attractant, but monofeed application requires moisture, pH,
aeration and structural co-substrate control. A pineapple-peel-focused review
is therefore essential because the interactions between sugars, pectin,
lignocellulose, bromelain and substrate acidity are not sufficiently addressed
in general BSF reviews. Further safety assessment of larval biomass and frass,
including heavy metals, pathogens and phytotoxicity is required before
industrial-scale implementation.
Keywords: Bioconversion;
black soldier fly larvae; frass; Hermetia illucens; pineapple peel waste
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